2021-10-06 City Council Item No. 12.1 Public Comment - TUVRheinland Attachment REGULAR MEETING - Additional Meeting MaterialsTÜV Rheinland (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. No.177, 178, Lane 777 West Guangzhong Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, China
GProdukte Products
Prüfbericht-Nr.:
Test Report No.: NN207MXE 001 Auftrags-Nr.:
Order No.: 168281455 Seite 1 von 41
Page 1 of 41
Kunden-Referenz-Nr.:
Client Reference No.: 2090666 Auftragsdatum:
Order date.: September 09, 2020
Auftraggeber:
Client: BYD Auto Industry Company Limited
No.3001, 3007, Hengping Road, Pingshan New District, Shenzhen
Guangdong Province 518118, CHINA
Prüfgegenstand:
Test item: Energy storage battery module
Bezeichnung / Typ-Nr.:
Identification / Type No.: S19
Auftrags-Inhalt:
Order content: Test report
Prüfgrundlage:
Test specification:
UL 9540A: 2019 (Fourth Edition)
Wareneingangsdatum:
Date of receipt: September 9, 2020
Prüfmuster-Nr.: Test sample No.: Engineering sample
Prüfzeitraum:
Testing period:
September 10, 2020 ~
September 17, 2020
Ort der Prüfung:
Place of testing:
No.759 Juting Road,
Fengxian District, Shanghai
Prüflaboratorium:
Testing laboratory:
TÜV Rheinland (Shanghai)
Co., Ltd.
Prüfergebnis*:
Test result*: See main report
geprüft von / tested by:
December 10, 2020 Billy Chen / Engineer
kontrolliert von / reviewed by:
December 11, 2020 Weichun Li / Review er
Datum
Date
Name/Stellung
Name/Position
Unterschrift
Signature
Datum
Date
Name/Stellung
Name/Position
Unterschrift
Signature
Sonstiges / Other:
Zustand des Prüfgegenstandes bei Anlieferung:
Condition of the test item at delivery:
Prüfmuster vollständig und unbeschädigt
Test item complete and undamaged
* Legende: 1 = sehr gut 2 = gut 3 = befriedigend 4 = ausreichend 5 = mangelhalt P(ass) = entspricht o.g. Prüfgrundlage(n) F(ail) = entspricht nicht o.g. Prüfgrundlage(n) N/A = nicht anwendbar N/T = nicht getestet
Legend: 1 = very good 2 = good 3 = satisfactory 4 = sufficient 5 = poor
P(ass) = passed a.m. test specifications(s) F(ail) = failed a.m. test specifications(s) N/A = not applicable N/T = not tested
Dieser Prüfbericht bezieht sich nur auf das o.g. Prüfmuster und darf ohne Genehmigung der Prüfstelle nicht
auszugsweise vervielfältigt werden. Dieser Bericht berechtigt nicht zur Verwendung eines Prüfzeichens.
This test report only relates to the a. m. test sample. Without permission of the test center this test report is not permitted to be
duplicated in extracts. This test report does not entitle to carry any test mark. V04
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INTRODUCTION
Model fire codes and energy storage system standards require energy storage systems to comply with UL 9540, which in turn requires battery cells and modules to comply with UL 1973. Compliance with these
standards reduces the risk of batteries and battery energy storage systems (BESS) creating fire, shock or
personal injury hazards. However, they don't evaluate the ability of the BESS installed as intended and with
fire suppression mechanisms in place if necessary, from contributing to a fire or explosion in the end use
installations.
To address these fire and explosion hazards associated with the installation of a BESS, the fire and other
codes require energy storage systems to meet certain location, separation, fire suppression and other
criteria. Those codes also provide a means to provide an equivalent level of safety based on large scale fire
testing of anticipated BESS installations.
UL 9540A is intended to provide a test method that can be used as a basis for validating the safety of a
BESS installation in lieu of meeting the specific criteria provided in those codes. The data generated can be
used to determine the fire and explosion protection required for installation of a BESS.
The test method is initiated through the establishment of a thermal runaway condition that leads to
combustion within the BESS. The test method outlined in UL 9540A consists of several steps – cell level
testing, module level testing, unit level testing and installation level testing. The cell and module level testing
steps are information gathering steps to inform the unit and installation level testing.
The following outlines the information that may gathered as part of the testing:
a) Cell level – An individual cell fails in a manner that leads to thermal runaway and fire through a suitable method such as external heating. Data such as off-gassing contents, temperatures at venting and
temperatures at thermal runaway are recorded.
b) Module level – One or more cells within a BESS module fail in the manner determined during the cell level
testing. Data such as fire propagation in the module, temperatures on the failed cells and surrounding cells,
off-gassing contents and heat release data are gathered.
c) Unit level – A complete BESS is installed surrounded by target (e.g. dummy) BESS and walls separated at a distance as intended in its installation. The module level test is repeated on a module located in the BESS
in the most unfavorable location. Data such as temperature within the BESS, on surrounding walls and target
BESS; incident heat flux on walls and target BESS; observation of fire propagation from BESS to target units
and walls as well as observance of explosions or evidence of re-ignition within the BESS; and heat release
and off-gassing contents are gathered.
d) Installation level – This test is a repeat of the unit level test with the test conducted within a test room and
with the intended fire suppression system installed as well as any overhead cables (that can lead to fire
propagation) installed. This test is intended to validate the fire suppression system for the BESS installation.
Data such as temperature within the BESS, on surrounding walls and target BESS; incident heat flux on
walls and target BESS; fire propagation from the BESS to target units, walls or overhead cables and any
observable explosion incidents or re-ignition within the BESS; and off-gassing contents (if needed) and heat
release are gathered.
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Contents
1 GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................. 4
1.1 TEST SPECIFICATION .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 GENERAL REMARKS............................................................................................................................................ 4
1.3 REVISION INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 SUMMARY OF THE TEST ..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 LIST OF ATTACHMENTS....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.6 DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
2 GENERAL PRODUCT INFORMATION ............................................... 7
2.1 CELL..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Product information and parameters .................................................................................................. 7
2.2.2 Cell level test information...................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 MODULE............................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Product information and parameters .................................................................................................. 8
2.2.2 Diagram with overall dimension .......................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Contents (main components) of the module ..................................................................................10
2.3 PHOTOS ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
3 MODULE LEVEL TEST (SECTION 8 OF UL 9540A) ........................ 12
3.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION..................................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 MODULE LEVEL THERMAL RUNAWAY TEST ..................................................................................................... 14
3.3.1 Thermal runaway test method description ......................................................................................14
3.3.2 Observations and records...................................................................................................................17
3.3.3 Temperature measurements..............................................................................................................18
3.4 CHEMICAL HEAT RELEASE RATE MEASUREMENT ........................................................................................... 20 3.4.1 Test method ...........................................................................................................................................20
3.4.2 Test result ...............................................................................................................................................22
3.5 SMOKE RELEASE RATE MEASUREMENT .......................................................................................................... 24
3.5.1 Test method ...........................................................................................................................................24
3.5.2 Test result ...............................................................................................................................................24
3.6 GAS GENERATION MEASUREMENT .................................................................................................................. 26
3.6.1 Test method ...........................................................................................................................................26
3.6.2 Total gas release ..................................................................................................................................27
3.6.3 Gas components ...................................................................................................................................28 3.7 PHOTOS ............................................................................................................................................................. 31
4 LIST OF TEST AND MEASUREMENTS INSTRUMENTS ................. 41
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1 General information
1.1 Test specification
Standard: ANSI/CAN/UL 9540A: 2019 (Fourth Edition)
Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery
Energy Storage Systems
This report presents the result of module level tests of UL 9540A: 2019.
All tests were conducted at TUV Rheinland (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. and TUV
Rheinland’s partner labs that were under supervision of TÜV Rheinland’s engineer.
Testing period: September 10, 2020 ~ September 17, 2020
Refer to Clause 4 for test and measurement instruments.
1.2 General remarks
This report is descriptive and provide the test data only.
The test results presented in this report relate only to the object tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the written approval of the
testing laboratory.
Throughout this report a comma / point is used as the decimal separator.
1.3 Revision information
New report, not applicable.
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1.4 Summary of the test
Video records of the test from 2 directions (ch02 & ch03) were provided in .mp4 format.
Complete records were provided in 6 separate documents, file number listed as below:
Two external heaters were placed on different location in the module to initiate the
thermal runaway inside module. The initiating cells were heated as cell level test
(4qC~7qC per minute to 200qC, then kept at 195qC~205qC for 4 hours, and then heated
at the rate of 4qC~7qC per minute again until the thermal runaway).
Cell to cell propagation was observed during test. Total 4 cells were damaged. Open
circuit voltage of the module was 380V before test and 366V after test.
The plastic enclosure was broken by hot gas during test. A lot of white smoke was
observed during test. No flying debris or explosive discharged gases during test. No
sparks, electrical arcs, or other electrical events happened during test. No external
flaming observed.
The module weight measured was 973kg (before test) and 972.5kg (after test). A large
amount of electrolyte were observed at bottom inside the module in posttest evaluation.
Measured peak chemical heat release rate HRR was 6.765 KW
Measured total heat release through the test THR was 1.076 MJ
Measured peak smoke release rate SRR was 4.807 m2/s
Total smoke release TSR was 509.807 m2
Total hydrocarbons gas was 400.00 L
Total carbon monoxide was 66.53 L
Detail information see relevant clause of this report.
1.5 List of attachments
Video records of the test from 2 directions (ch02 & ch03) were provided in .mp4 format.
Complete records were provided in 6 separate documents, file number listed as below:
ch02_20200916232147.mp4
ch02_20200916235703.mp4
ch03_20200916231247.mp4
ch03_20200916235941.mp4
ch04_20200916231059.mp4
ch04_20200916235756.mp4
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1.6 Definitions
CELL – The basic functional electrochemical unit containing an assembly of electrodes,
electrolyte, separators, container, and terminals. It is a source of electrical energy by
direct conversion of chemical energy.
MODULE – A subassembly that is a component of a BESS that consists of a group of
cells or electrochemical capacitors connected together either in a series and/or parallel
configuration (sometimes referred to as a block) with or without protective devices and
monitoring circuitry.
UNIT – A frame, rack or enclosure that consists of a functional BESS which includes
components and subassemblies such as cells, modules, battery management systems,
ventilation devices and other ancillary equipment.
BATTERY SYSTEM (BS) – Is a component of a BESS and consists of one or more
modules typically in a rack configuration, controls such as the BMS and components
that make up the system such as cooling systems, disconnects and protection devices.
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (BESS) – Stationary equipment that
receives electrical energy and then utilizes batteries to store that energy to supply
electrical energy at some future time. The BESS, at a minimum consists of one or more
modules, a power conditioning system (PCS), battery management system (BMS) and
balance of plant components.
a) INITIATING BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM UNIT (INITIATING BESS) –
A BESS unit which has been equipped with resistance heaters in order to create the
internal fire condition necessary for the installation level test.
b) TARGET BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM UNIT (TARGET BESS) – The
enclosure and/or rack hardware that physically supports and/or contains the
components that comprise a BESS. The target BESS unit does not contain energy
storage components, but serves to enable instrumentation to measure the thermal
exposure from the initiating BESS.
Note: Depending upon the configuration and design of the BESS (e.g. the BESS is
composed of multiple separate parts within separate enclosures), the unit level test can
be done at battery system level. In such case, the BESS is be read as BS throughout
this report.
NON-RESIDENTIAL USE – Intended for use in commercial, industrial or utility owned
locations.
RESIDENTIAL USE – In accordance with this standard, intended for use in one or two
family homes and town homes and individual dwelling units of multi-family dwellings.
THERMAL RUNAWAY- The incident when an electrochemical cell increases its
temperature through self-heating in an uncontrollable fashion. The thermal runaway
progresses when the cell's generation of heat is at a higher rate than the heat it can
dissipate. This may lead to fire, explosion and gas evolution.
STATE OF CHARGE (SOC) – The available capacity in a BESS, pack, module or cell
expressed as a percentage of rated capacity.
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2 General Product Information
2.1 Cell
2.2.1 Product information and parameters
The product information and parameters are provided by the client as below.
Manufacturer ...................................... : Shenzhen BYD Battery Co., Ltd.
Model .................................................. : C15FHNE
Chemistry ........................................... : LiFePO4
Physical configuration........................ : Prismatic
Weight: 6.73 kg
Electrical rating ................................. : Rated capacity: 320 Ah
Nominal voltage: 3.2 V
Standard charge method ................... : Charge current: 64 A@23℃
End of charge voltage: 3.8 V
Standard discharge method .............. : Discharge current: 64 A
End of discharge voltage: 2.0 V
Dimension diagram
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2.2.2 Cell level test information
Cell level thermal runaway test information is from CSA cell level test report 80037498
provided by the client.
Thermal Runaway Methodology .................. : External heater with metal enclosure,
rated 220V, 500W
Hold point temperature ................................. : 195°C ~ 205°C
Average Cell Surface Temperature at Gas
Venting .......................................................... : 200.9°C
Average Cell Surface Temperature at
Thermal Runaway......................................... : 342.6°C
2.2 Module
2.2.1 Product information and parameters
The product information and parameters are provided by the client as below.
Manufacturer name............................ : Shanwei BYD Battery Co., Ltd
Model number .................................... : S19
Physical configuration........................ : Non-metal enclosure
Weight: 930 kg
Cells in series/parallel: 1P114S
Total number of cells: 114
Cooling method .................................. : Liquid cooling
Separation between cells .................. : Aerogel were used between the cells to
holdback the heat transfer between the cells
Electrical rating .................................. : Rated capacity: 300 Ah
Nominal voltage: 368.4 V
Standard charge method ................... : Charge current: 60 A@25℃
End of charge voltage: 410.4 V
Standard discharge method .............. : Discharge current: 60 A@25℃
End of discharge voltage: 319.2V
Compliance with UL 1973 ................. : Under certification, not finshed
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2.2.2 Diagram with overall dimension
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2.2.3 Contents (main components) of the module
External construction
Internal construction
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2.3 Photos
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3 Module level test (section 8 of UL 9540A)
3.1 General
This testing is conducted on battery modules, which are in turn installed in an
enclosure or in an open rack system to form a BESS unit.
This test uses applied stresses determined during the cell level test to force a
selected number of battery cells within the module into thermal runaway. If there is
fire that results from the cell being driven into thermal runaway, the fire is allowed to
progress within the module.
The test measures the chemical heat release rate, smoke release rate, maximum
temperature, and vent gas composition; and documents the module enclosure
integrity after the test, any explosions or hazardous ejection of parts outside of the
module enclosure, and the extent and duration of any flame propagation outside of
the module.
The module level testing establishes a base line fire test performance that can be
evaluated against the fire performance of other battery modules the BESS
manufacturer may choose to use within the system. Testing can be discontinued
after the module level testing if the effects of thermal runaway (fire and explosion) are
contained by the module design and the cell vent gas (as determined by the cell level
testing) is non-flammable.
3.2 Sample preparation
Module sample was conditioned, prior to testing, through charge and discharge
cycles for 3 cycles to verify that the module was functional.
Each cycle was defined as a charge to 100% SOC and allowed to rest several
minutes and then discharged to an end of discharge voltage (EODV) determined by
the manufacturer. Refer to 2.3.1 for charge and discharge profile.
The ambient was kept at 25°C±5°C and 50%±25% R.H. during charge and
discharge.
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Figure 1. Sample cycling curve
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3.3 Module level thermal runaway test
3.3.1 Thermal runaway test method description
The module to be tested was charged to 100% SOC and allowed to stabilize for a
minimum of 1 h and a maximum of 8 h before the start of the test.
The module consisted of six submodules. Each submodule has 19 cells in serials. All
cells in the module were numbered from #1 to #114 as below.
External heating method was used to initiate thermal runaway in the module. Two
phlogopite heaters rated 220VAC/1000 W, size 140*393 mm, were placed on center
of two submodules. One was between #47 and #48 cells, another one was between
#85 and #86 cells.
#48 and #86 cell were initiating cells which was directly heated by the heater.
Aerogel was placed between #49 & #87 cell and the heater.
Total 20 glass fiber insulated thermocouples, Type K, 24AWG, were attached on #46
~ #50 and #84 ~ #88 cells. Each cell was with 4 thermocouples, two on each wide
surface and two on each terminal. See Figure 4 for the detailed locations.
Voltage of #47 ~ #49 and #85 ~ #87 cells were monitored during test.
See Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4 for the illustrations.
Figure 2. Aerogel between the cells in module
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Figure 3. Cell numbering inside the module and heater location
Figure 4: Thermocouple locations on cell
Heater 2, between 47# and 48# cell
Heater 1, between 85# and 86# cell
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5 glass fiber insulated thermocouples, Type K, 24AWG, were attached on each
external surface of the module enclosure except bottom for reference.
A PID controller was used to control the voltage supply to the heater and maintain a
4°C/min to 7°C/min heating rate. Additional one thermocouple at the center of
initiating cell surface below heater 1 was used to feedback the cell surface
temperature to the controller.
The initiating cells were heated as cell level test: heated at the rate of 4qC~7qC per
minute to 200qC, then kept at 195qC~205qC for 4 hours, and then heated at the rate
of 4qC~7qC per minute again until thermal runaway.
Once the measured temperature exceeded the set temperature, the heaters were
immediately de-energized.
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3.3.2 Observations and records
Ambient conditions at the initiation of
the test................................................... : 26°C, 72% R.H.
Sample number .................................... : #1
Open circuit voltage before test (V) ..... : 380
Weight before test (kg) ......................... : 973 (with thermal couplers)
Time initiating the test .......................... : 17:40
Observations during test ...................... : First smoke release from module enclosure
was observed on 23:22
No flying debris or explosive discharge of
gases during test.
No sparks, electrical arcs, or other electrical
events during test.
No external flaming observed.
Posttest evaluation ............................... : Pressure relief valve of the module was not
functioned.
Two holes were found on each side of the
plastic enclosure. It probably was burned by
high temperature cell venting gas.
A little electrolyte was observed outside the
enclosure. A large amount of electrolyte
were observed at bottom inside the module
enclosure.
The 4 cells (#47, #49, #86, #48) were
damaged.
Photos “sample after test” in page 34 ~ 40
show the damage of the module enclosure,
electrolyte outside and inside the module
enclosure and damage of the components
inside enclosure.
Open circuit voltage after test (V) ........ : 366
Weight after test (kg) ............................ : 972.5 (with thermal couplers)
Weight loss (kg) .................................... : 0.5
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3.3.3 Temperature measurements
The thermocouple temperature and the voltage of the cell 9, 10 and 11, of the heater
one accessories was shown in the figure 4 as below. See Figure 4 for the cell voltage
and temperature vs time curve.
Figure 4 The cell voltage and temperature vs time curve nearby the heater one.
101 103 111 116 117 119 302 303 306
#50
Negative
terminal
#49
Positive
terminal
#47
Positive
terminal
#48
Negative
terminal
#49
Wide
surface 2
#46
Wide
surface 1
#49
voltage
#48
voltage
#47
voltage
The thermocouple temperature and the voltage of the cell 9, 10 and 11, of the heater
two accessories was shown in the figure 4 as below. See Figure 5 for the cell voltage
and temperature vs time curve.
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5:39:49 PM5:49:48 PM5:59:57 PM6:09:57 PM6:20:00 PM6:30:48 PM6:42:51 PM6:54:44 PM7:06:38 PM7:18:33 PM7:30:28 PM7:42:46 PM7:54:11 PM8:06:42 PM8:19:44 PM8:32:42 PM8:46:16 PM8:59:54 PM9:12:59 PM9:25:25 PM9:37:33 PM9:50:29 PM10:03:52 PM10:17:19 PM10:31:10 PM10:45:18 PM10:59:23 PM11:13:13 PM11:28:33 PM11:43:54 PM11:59:10 PM12:15:19 AM12:31:31 AM12:46:28 AMVoltage(V)Temperature(℃)Time
Cell voltage and temperature
101 (°C)103 (°C)111 (°C)116 (°C)117 (°C)
119 (°C)302 (Vdc)303 (Vdc)306 (Vdc)
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Figure 5 The cell voltage and temperature vs time curve nearby the heater two.
106 107 109 110 204 205 210 211 212
#88
Negative
terminal
#85
Wide
surface 2
#84
Wide
surface 1
#84
Negative
terminal
#88
Positive
terminal
#87
Negative
terminal
#86
Negative
terminal
Heater 2
#87
Wide
surface
2
213 214 217 218 220 310 314 315
#87
Wide
surface 1
#85
Negative
terminal
#86
Positive
terminal
#86
Wide
surface 1
#88
Wide
surface 1
#84
Positive
terminal
#85
Positive
terminal
#87
Positive
terminal
301 304 307
#87
Voltage
#86
Voltage
#85
Voltage
Maximum temperature measured on top of module enclosure was 103.7qC
Figure 6 Temperatures of module enclosure
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5:39:49 PM5:49:48 PM5:59:57 PM6:09:57 PM6:20:00 PM6:30:48 PM6:42:51 PM6:54:44 PM7:06:38 PM7:18:33 PM7:30:28 PM7:42:46 PM7:54:11 PM8:06:42 PM8:19:44 PM8:32:42 PM8:46:16 PM8:59:54 PM9:12:59 PM9:25:25 PM9:37:33 PM9:50:29 PM10:03:52 PM10:17:19 PM10:31:10 PM10:45:18 PM10:59:23 PM11:13:13 PM11:28:33 PM11:43:54 PM11:59:10 PM12:15:19 AM12:31:31 AM12:46:28 AMVoltage(V)Temperature(℃）Time
Cell voltage and temperature
106 (°C)107 (°C)109 (°C)110 (°C)204 (°C)205 (°C)210 (°C)
211 (°C)212 (°C)213 (°C)214 (°C)217 (°C)218 (°C)220 (°C)
310 (°C)314 (°C)315 (°C)301 (Vdc)304 (Vdc)307 (Vdc)
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CH01 CH02 CH03 CH07 CH08
Terminal side
(Forward) Top side Right side Left side Backward
side
3.4 Chemical heat release rate measurement
3.4.1 Test method
The chemical heat release rates were measured by an oxygen consumption
calorimeter measurement system consisting of a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer,
non-dispersive infrared carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide analyzer, velocity
probe, and a Type K thermocouple.
The instrumentations are located in the exhaust duct of the heat release rate
calorimeter.
The chemical heat release rate was calculated at each of the flows as follows:
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
17:15:4717:31:0017:46:1318:01:2618:16:3918:31:5218:47:0519:02:1819:17:3119:32:4419:47:5720:03:1020:18:2320:33:3620:48:4921:04:0221:19:1521:34:2821:49:4122:04:5422:20:0722:35:2022:50:3323:05:4623:20:5923:36:12Temperature(℃)Time
Temperature of enclosure
1-CH01 1-CH02 1-CH03 1-CH07 1-CH08
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The whole heat release rate measurement system were calibrated at 50kW and
70kW heat release rate using a standard propane burner before the test. The
calibration were performed using flows of 1078mg/s and 1510mg/s of propane.
3.4.2 Test result
Peak chemical heat release rate HRR: 6.765 KW
Total heat release through the test THR: 1.076 MJ
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Figure 7 HRR curve
Figure 8 THR curve
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
047111519222630333741444852565963677074788185899396100HRR(KW)Time (min)
HRR
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
048111519232730343842464953576165687276808487919599THR(MJ)Time (min)
THR
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3.5 Smoke release rate measurement
3.5.1 Test method
The light transmission in the calorimeter's exhaust duct was measured using a white
light source and photo detector for the duration of the test.
The smoke release rate was calculated as follows:
The whole smoke release rate measurement system were self-checked using
calibrated light filter before test. The self-check were performed at 100%, 79%, 50%,
32%, 16%, 10%, 1% and 0% light transmittance.
3.5.2 Test result
Peak smoke release rate SRR: 4.807 m2/s
Total smoke release TSR: 509.807 m2
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Figure 9 SRR curve
Figure 10 TSR curve
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
047111519222630333741444852565963677074788185899396100SRR(m2/S)Time (min)
SRR
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
048111519232730343842464953576165687276808487919599TSPRm2)Time (min)
TSR(m2)
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3.6 Gas generation measurement
3.6.1 Test method
The composition, velocity and temperature of the vent gases were measured within
the calorimeter's exhaust duct.
Gas composition was measured using a Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometer
with a resolution of 1 cm-1 and a path length of 4.2 m within the calorimeter's exhaust
duct.
The hydrocarbon content of the vent gas was measured using flame ionization
detection.
Hydrogen gas was measured with a palladium-nickel thin-film solid state sensor.
Composition, velocity and temperature instrumentation were collocated with heat
release rate calorimetry instrumentation.
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3.6.2 Total gas release
The flow rates of various gases were integrated over the test duration and the total
cumulative volume of gas calculated for the total test duration were presented in
below table.
Gas type Gas components1) Total volume of gas
(L)
Hydrocarbon
species
Methane CH4 84.64
Acetylene C2H2 12.34
Ethylene C2H4 51.66
Ethane C2H6 83.54
Propylene C3H6 25.46
Propane C3H8 137.43
Benzene
homologues
species
Benzene C6H6 0.25
Toluene C7H8 1.79
Styrene C8H8 179.69
m-xylene C8H10 733.28
p-xylene C8H10 4.96
o-xylene C8H10 81.80
Ethyl Benzene C9H12 49.20
Hydrogen
halide
species
Hydrogen Cyanide HCN 57.63
Hydrogen Chloride HCl 18.89
Hydrogen Fluoride HF 9.83
Nitrogen
containing
species
Nitrogen Monoxide NO 90.64
Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 71.56
Nitrous Oxide N2O 6.37
Others Carbon Monoxide CO 66.53
Carbon Dioxide CO2 39443.532)
Hydrogen H2 Not detected
Total Hydrocarbons (equivalent to CH4, measured
by FID) 400.00
Note: 1) The collection time was from 23:00 to 00:48
2) The carbon dioxide in the air during this period1) was also counted
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3.6.3 Gas components
Concentration of different gas components were presented according to gas
classification in Figures 11 to 16. Average flow rate was 1.3874 m3/S during test.
Figure 11 Hydrocarbon species
Figure 12 Benzene homologues species
0
50
100
150
200
250
9:24:52 PM9:32:34 PM9:40:16 PM9:47:58 PM9:55:40 PM10:03:22 PM10:11:04 PM10:18:46 PM10:26:28 PM10:34:10 PM10:41:52 PM10:49:34 PM10:57:16 PM11:04:58 PM11:12:40 PM11:20:22 PM11:28:04 PM11:35:46 PM11:43:28 PM11:51:10 PM11:58:52 PM12:06:34 AM12:14:16 AM12:21:58 AM12:29:40 AM12:37:22 AMVolume flow rate(ml/s)Time
Hydrocarbon species
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C2H4 C3H6 C2H2
0200400
600
800100012001400
9:24:52 PM9:32:55 PM9:40:58 PM9:49:01 PM9:57:04 PM10:05:07 PM10:13:10 PM10:21:13 PM10:29:16 PM10:37:19 PM10:45:22 PM10:53:25 PM11:01:28 PM11:09:31 PM11:17:34 PM11:25:37 PM11:33:40 PM11:41:43 PM11:49:46 PM11:57:49 PM12:05:52 AM12:13:55 AM12:21:58 AM12:30:01 AMVolume flow rate(ml/s)Time
Benzene homologues species
Benzene Toluene Ethyl Benzene Styrene
m-xylene p-xylene o-xylene
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Figure 13 Hydrogen halide species
Figure 14 Nitrogen containing species
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9:24:52 PM9:32:34 PM9:40:16 PM9:47:58 PM9:55:40 PM10:03:22 PM10:11:04 PM10:18:46 PM10:26:28 PM10:34:10 PM10:41:52 PM10:49:34 PM10:57:16 PM11:04:58 PM11:12:40 PM11:20:22 PM11:28:04 PM11:35:46 PM11:43:28 PM11:51:10 PM11:58:52 PM12:06:34 AM12:14:16 AM12:21:58 AM12:29:40 AM12:37:22 AMVolume flow rate(ml/s)Time
Hydrogen halide species
HCl HCN HF
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
9:24:52 PM9:32:13 PM9:39:34 PM9:46:55 PM9:54:16 PM10:01:37 PM10:08:58 PM10:16:19 PM10:23:40 PM10:31:01 PM10:38:22 PM10:45:43 PM10:53:04 PM11:00:25 PM11:07:46 PM11:15:07 PM11:22:28 PM11:29:49 PM11:37:10 PM11:44:31 PM11:51:52 PM11:59:13 PM12:06:34 AM12:13:55 AM12:21:16 AM12:28:37 AM12:35:58 AMVolume flow rate(ml/s)Time
Nitrogen containing species
NO2 NO N2O
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Figure 15 CO
Figure 16 CO2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
9:24:52 PM9:32:13 PM9:39:34 PM9:46:55 PM9:54:16 PM10:01:37 PM10:08:58 PM10:16:19 PM10:23:40 PM10:31:01 PM10:38:22 PM10:45:43 PM10:53:04 PM11:00:25 PM11:07:46 PM11:15:07 PM11:22:28 PM11:29:49 PM11:37:10 PM11:44:31 PM11:51:52 PM11:59:13 PM12:06:34 AM12:13:55 AM12:21:16 AM12:28:37 AM12:35:58 AMVolume flow rate(ml/s)Time
CO
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
9:24:52 PM9:32:13 PM9:39:34 PM9:46:55 PM9:54:16 PM10:01:37 PM10:08:58 PM10:16:19 PM10:23:40 PM10:31:01 PM10:38:22 PM10:45:43 PM10:53:04 PM11:00:25 PM11:07:46 PM11:15:07 PM11:22:28 PM11:29:49 PM11:37:10 PM11:44:31 PM11:51:52 PM11:59:13 PM12:06:34 AM12:13:55 AM12:21:16 AM12:28:37 AM12:35:58 AMVolum flow rate(L/s)Time
CO2
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3.7 Photos
Module before test
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Thermocouples inside module
Thermocouples on external enclosure
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Smoke release during test
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Sample after test
Holes on each side of enclosure
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Electrolyte outside the enclosure
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Electrolyte inside the enclosure
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Damage of the internal components
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4 List of Test and Measurements Instruments
No. Equipment Model Rating Inventory
no.
Last Cal.
date
1. Ambient monitor HWP01-10S -30℃~50℃，
R.H. 20%~100% 12005577 2020.5.16
2. Data acquisition
equipment
34970A
(34901A*3)
-40℃~200℃,
0~100VDC PVE-051 2020.3.28
3. Digital multi-meter FLUKE 376 1000V max. PVE-048 2020.3.28
4. Tape TAJIMA 5 m PV-440 2020.04.29
5. Electronic scale A12 0-3 T max. 11786238
942 2020.09.03
6.
Oxygen
consu
mption
calorim
eter
measur
ement
system
Parama
gnetic
oxygen
analyzer PX-08-002
O2 sensor:
0~25%, Accuracy
0.02%, Response
time T90<7s
ZY202000
0018-1 2020.5.30
7. Velocity
probe
0-17.5m/s
Accuracy 1% F.S
ZY202000
0018-2 2020.5.30
8.
CO and
CO2
sensor
SERVOME
X4100
CO2: 0~10%,
Accuracy 1% F.S,
Response time
T90<7S
CO: 0~1%,
Accuracy 1% F.S
Response time
T90<8S
ZY202000
0018-5 2020.5.30
9.
Palladium-nickel
thin-film solid
state sensor
MODEL
5000
0~2000 ppm
Accuracy: ±15%
(≥ ±25 ppm)
-40qC ~ 55qC;
0~95% R.H.
0.95~1.1 atm
ZY202000
0115 2020.2.10
10.
Fourier-Transform
Infrared
Spectrometer
atmosFIR
Path length:
4.2 m
Spectrum range:
485~7500cm-1
Resolution: 1cm-1
AFS-B2T-
C-1901 2020.3.19
End of Test Report