2021-10-06 City Council Item No. 12.1 Public Comment - CSA Group REGULAR MEETING - Additional Meeting Materials
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A
Test Data Cover Letter – Ver 1 – 07/14/2020
Master Contract: 260091
Report: 80037498
Project: 80037498
Sep 10, 2020
Mr Xiaofeng Liu
Engineer
BYD Auto Industry Company Limited
No.3001&3007, Hengping Road, Pingshan New District,
Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518118, China
Subject: Li-ion cell, model C15FHNE (UL 9540A Test Report)
Dear Mr Xiaofeng Liu:
We are pleased to inform you that testing of your product per UL 9540A has been completed. Applicable test(s)
was witnessed at facility Shenzhen Precise Testing Technology Co., LTD by CSA –Building A, No. 2, Yihe Rd.,
Shilong Community, Shiyan Street Baoan District, Shenzhen 518108 . Cell level of test(s) was conducted on the
sample you provided and the results are enclosed in the test report.
Note: This Test Report is not an Authorization to apply the CSA Mark to the product. The results
contained in the report(s) provided are contingent upon the characteristics of the actual sample(s) used
in the investigation. In the absence of a continuing inspection service, CSA provides no assurance,
expressed or implied, that the contents of the report are applicable to reproductions of the
sample(s). Use or reproduction of the CSA name, logo, or trademark is not permitted without the prior
written consent of CSA. No references can be made to this report when using the results of this
investigation for the purposes of advertising, promotion or litigation, without the prior written consent
of CSA.
Please examine the enclosed documents and contact me if you have any questions or would like us to make
any changes.
On behalf of CSA, I would like to thank you for your business and offer our services for your future needs.
Yours truly,
Joseph Zhou
CSA –CCIC-CSA International Certification Co., Ltd. Kunshan Branch
Building 8, Tsinghua Science Park, No. 1666 Zu chongzhi Rd (S) , Kunshan, Jiangsu (215347)
Encl. [UL 9540A Test Report]
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 1 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
CDFzxStandard(s): ANSI/CAN/UL 9540A:2019 Fourth Edition, Dated November 12, 2019 - Test Method for
Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems
Testing Laboratory Name: CCIC-CSA International Certification Co., Ltd. Kunshan Branch
Address: Building 8, Tsinghua Science Park, No. 1666 Zu chongzhi Rd (S) , Kunshan,
Jiangsu (215347)
Testing Program: Custom Test: Letter of Attestation Testing Only X
Note: Mark “ X ” in applicable test program block
If tests were performed at another facility, then described below:
Testing Laboratory Name: Shenzhen Precise Testing Technology Co., LTD.
Address: Building A, No. 2, Yihe Rd., Shilong Community, Shiyan Street Baoan
District, Shenzhen 518108
Facility Qualification Number: N/A
As above / or describe otherwise
Customer: BYD Auto Industry Company Limited
Address: No.3001&3007, Hengping Road, Pingshan New District, Shenzhen,
Guangdong, 518118, China
Tested By: Congcong Pei
Version: 2020-01-23
Name, Title
Congcong Pei 2020-05-03
Signature Date (YYYY-MM-DD)
Reviewed by: Joseph Zhou
Witnessed by: Name, Title
2020-08-30
Signature Date (YYYY-MM-DD)
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 2 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Product Details
Test Request: Cell Level Testing
Module Level Testing
Unit Level Testing
Installation Level Testing
Manufacturer Cell: Shenzhen BYD Battery Co., Ltd
Module:
Unit:
Brand name / Trademark Cell: BYD
Module:
Unit:
Model Number Cell: C15FHNE
Module:
Unit:
Date of receipt of test sample(s) 2020-04-30 (YYYY-MM-DD)
Cell/Battery Type Li-ion, LFP
Approximate Dimension (mm) Cell: 416.0 ± 0.75 * 145.5 ± 0.5 * 57.5(+1, -0.5)mm
Module:
Unit:
Mass (g) Cell: 6730 ± 100
Module:
Unit:
DUT Sample/Serial Number Cell: see page 13
Module:
Unit:
DUT Nominal Voltage Rating (V) Cell: 3.2
Module:
Unit:
DUT Nominal Charge Capacity Rating (Ah) Cell: 320
Module:
Unit:
Fire Mitigation Strategies:
(For installation level testing)
Water:
Other (Specify):
N/A
Additional Information N/A
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 3 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
THE TESTING SPECIFIED IN THIS PROCEDURE IS INHERENTLY DANGEROUS
DO NOT ATTEMPT TO PERFORM THIS TEST UNLESS YOU HAVE BEEN PROPERLY TRAINED REGARDING
SAFELY WORKING WITH THE HAZARDS INVOLVED
Important Test Consideration:
• As some batteries expose in test described above, it is important that personnel be protected from the flying
fragments, explosive force, and sudden release of heat, chemical burns, and noise result from such explosions.
The test area is to be well ventilated to protect perseonnel from possible harmful fumes or gases.
• Temperature of the surface of the battery casing shall be monitored during the tests described above. All
personnel involved in the testing of batteries are to be instructed never to approach a battery until the surface
temperature return to ambient temperature.
• Test shall be conducted in separate room or equipped with an adequate safety barrier separating the test area
from observer.
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 4 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
UL 9540 A – Defination
-“BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (BESS)” - Stationary equipment that receives electrical energy and
then utilizes batteries to store that energy to supply electrical energy at some future time. The BESS, at a
minimum consists of one or more modules, a power conditioning system (PCS), battery management system
(BMS) and balance of plant components.
NOTE: For flow battery systems the energy is stored within one or more electrolyte storage tanks.
a) INITIATING BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM UNIT (INITIATING BESS) – A BESS unit which has
been equipped with resistance heaters in order to create the internal fire condition necessary for the
installation level test (Section 9).
b) TARGET BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM UNIT (TARGET BESS) – The enclosure and/or rack
hardware that physically supports and/or contains the components that comprise a BESS. The target
BESS unit does not contain energy storage components, but serves to enable instrumentation to measure
the thermal exposure from the initiating BESS.
-“BATTERY SYSTEM” - Is a component of a BESS and consists of one or more modules typically in a rack
configuration, controls such as the BMS and components that make up the system such as cooling systems,
disconnects and protection devices.
-“CELL” - The basic functional electrochemical unit containing an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, separators,
container, and terminals. It is a source of electrical energy by direct conversion of chemical energy.
-“DUT” - Device under test.
-“ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE HEATERS” - Devices that convert electrical energy supplied from a laboratory
source into thermal energy.
-“END OF DISCHARGE VOLTAGE (EODV)” - The manufacturer's specified minimum voltage level during
discharge.
-“ENERGY RESERVOIR” - The solution which stores the active energy in the flow battery energy storage system.
This can be in the form of one electrolyte, two electrolytes, or one electrolyte with solid metal particles.
-“FLEXIBLE FILM HEATERS” - Electrical resistance heaters of a film, tape or otherwise thin sheet like construction
that easily conform to the surface of cells.
-“FLOW BATTERY” - A battery technology that stores its active materials in the form of one or more electrolytes
(with or without solid metal particles) within one or more storage tanks, and when operating, the electrolytes are
transferred between the reactor (battery stacks) and the storage tanks
NOTE 1: Three commercially available flow battery technologies are zinc air, zinc bromine and vanadium redox.
NOTE 2: Unlike a fuel cell system, a flow battery is a closed system and has no net consumption of fuel.
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 5 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
-“MAXIMUM SURFACE TEMPERATURE END POINT” - The final hold temperature measured on the cell case
after conducting the thermal ramp when using the external heater method to achieve thermal runaway of the cell.
-“MODULE” - A subassembly that is a component of a BESS that consists of a group of cells or electrochemical
capacitors connected together either in a series and/or parallel configuration (sometimes referred to as a block)
with or without protective devices and monitoring circuitry.
-“MONOBLOC” - A battery design with a common case containing one or more internal cells, electrolyte, a vent or
pressure relief valve assembly, intercell connections and hardware. A typical example of a common monobloc
battery is an SLI lead acid battery.
-“NON-RESIDENTIAL USE” - Intended for use in commercial, industrial or utility owned locations.
-“RESIDENTIAL USE” - In accordance with this standard, intended for use in one or two family homes and
townhomes and individual dwelling units of multi-family dwellings.
-“STATE OF CHARGE (SOC)” - The available capacity in a BESS, pack, module or cell expressed as a
percentage of rated capacity.
-“THERMAL RUNAWAY” - The incident when an electrochemical cell increases its temperature through self-
heating in an uncontrollable fashion. The thermal runaway progresses when the cell's generation of heat is at a
higher rate than the heat it can dissipate. This may lead to fire, explosion and gas evolution.
-“UNIT” - A frame, rack or enclosure that consists of a functional BESS which includes components and
subassemblies such cells, modules, battery management systems, ventilation devices and other ancillary
equipment.
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 6 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
ANSI/CAN/UL 9540A:2019 Fourth Edition, Dated November 12, 2019 - Test Method for Evaluating Thermal
Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems
Section Requirement Test (T) /
Waive (W) /
Not App.
(N/A)
Comments
1 Scope:
The test methodology in this standard determines the capability of a battery technology to undergo
thermal runaway and then evaluates the fire and explosion hazard characteristics of those battery
energy storage systems that have demonstrated a capability to undergo thermal runaway.
Fire protection requirements not related to battery energy storage system equipment are covered by
appropriate installation codes.
5 General
5.1 Cell T Test Conducted
5.1.1 The cells associated with the
BESS were tested.
T
Chemistry: Lithium Iron Phosphate
Physical Format: Prismatic
Capacity (Ahr): 320
Energy (Whr): 1024
Nominal Voltage (Vdc): 3.2
Approximate Dimension (mm): 416.0X 145.5 X 57.5
Weight (g): see page 29
5.1.2 Cells associated with the
BESS comply with UL 1973 W See Attachment UL Fire MH27673 for cell certificate
complying UL 1973 provided by manufacturer
5.1.3 Cell level test report T See cell level test section below
5.2 Module N/A Module testing not requested by manufacturer
5.2.1 The module associated with
the BESS were tested. N/A Module testing not requested by manufacturer
5.2.2 Modules associated with the
BESS comply with UL 1973 N/A Module testing not requested by manufacturer
5.2.3 Module level test report N/A Module testing not requested by manufacturer
5.3 Battery energy storage
system unit
N/A
BESS testing not requested by manufacturer
5.3.1 BESS were tested. N/A BESS testing not requested by manufacturer
5.3.2 BESS comply with UL 9540 N/A BESS testing not requested by manufacturer
5.3.3 Fire detection and
suppression systems
N/A BESS testing not requested by manufacturer
5.3.4 BESS test report N/A BESS testing not requested by manufacturer
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 7 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Test (T) /
Waive (W) /
Not App.
(N/A)
Comments
5.4 Flow Batteries N/A EUT is not flow battery
5.4.1 N/A EUT is not flow battery
5.4.2 Flow battery comply with UL
1973 N/A EUT is not flow battery
5.4.3 Flow battery thermal runaway
determination level test report
N/A EUT is not flow battery
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 8 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
ANSI/CAN/UL 9540A:2019 Fourth Edition, Dated November 12, 2019 - Section 7 Cell Level Testing
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
7 Cell Level Testing P
7.1 General See below P
Test establishes effective methods for forcing
a cell into thermal runaway in a repeatable
manner.
Following data collected.
1. The vent gas composition gathered and
analysed; and
2. Cell temperatures monitored to
determine the temperature when the
cell vents and to verify that thermal
runaway as defined in this standard,
has occurred.
Conformed
Cell thermal runaway were forced using
external heating method with the vented
gas composition and concentration
analyzed, and temperature for cell
venting and thermal runaway recorded.
P
7.2 Sample See Below P
Cell Sample conditioned for minimum 2 charge
(100% SOC) - discharge (Specified end of
discharge voltage) cycles as per manufacturer
specified method.
Manufacturer recommended
charge/discharge method:
Charging Procedure: CC-CV
Charging Voltage (V): 3.8
Charging Current (A): 64
Charging End Condition (A): 16
Discharging Procedure: CC
Discharging Current (A): 64
End of Discharge Voltage (V): 2.5
P
During conditioning a relationship between
open circuit voltage and SOC shall be
determined through measurement of voltage
and SOC
Conformed
Battery cells were conditioned for 2
charge and discharge cycles, and were
fully charged with the open circuit voltage
and SOC measured.
See Fig 1~5 for the plot of the cell
charge/discharge cycles.
P
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 9 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Cells under test are functional after charge
discharge cycle.
Conformed
P
Ambient temperature during cell conditioning
Note: Ambient indoor laboratory conditions
shall be 25 ±5°C (77 ±9°F) and 50 ±25% RH at
the initiation of the test or the operating
temperature in the cell manufacturer's
specifications.
Temperature(ºC): 23 to 27 for cell
conditioning;
Humidity (% RH): 25 to 75
P
The tested cells have 100% SOC at the start of
the test. The samples were allowed to stabilize
for a minimum of one hour and a maximum of
8 h before the start of the test.
Conformed
P
Cells with flexible laminate casings
- Constrained during the test in the
manner that simulates the constraint in
the BESS module to prevent excessive
swelling during the test
Conformed
Prismatic, metal enclosure Li-ion cell
N/A
7.3 Ambient temperature during cell conditioning
and during
test……………………………………..…………:
Note: Ambient indoor laboratory conditions
shall be 25 ±5°C (77 ±9°F) and 50 ±25% RH at
the initiation of the test)
Temperature(ºC): 23.0 to 27.1
Humidity (% RH): 25 to 75
P
Propensity of cell to exhibit thermal runaway
demonstrated by externally applied film heater
Conformed
External heating method was used for
cell samples to force thermal runaway.
Heater with metal enclosure rated 220V,
500W.
The initiating cell was instrumented with
a total 5 type K thermocouples, 30 AWG,
and the location of the thermocouple
wires was noted as below:
-Postive terminal;
-Negative terminal
-Center of the heater surface
P
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 10 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
-Center of the cell surface under heater
-Center of the cell side surface
Cell voltage was also monitored by data
logger
All cells tests were conducted using an
aluminium jig to mechanically constrain
the heaters in close proximity to the cell.
The jig consist of two 10 mm thick
aluminium plates, and fastened by bolts
to prevent the outward movement of the
jig during test, however no initial
pressure applied to the cell when fasten
the aluminium plate. The completely
assembled cell test assembly was
positioned on a noncombustible test
surface.
Refer to Fig. 2b for details.
Surface heating rate maintained at 4°C (7.2°F)
to 7°C (12.6°F) per minute
Conformed
4 heaters, each rated 500W, 220V with
metal enclosure, connected in parallel
and were instrumented on the large
surface of the cell for testing, surface
heating rate was maintained at 4 to 7°C
per minute by adjusting the input power
of the heater manually. Totally 4 cell
samples were tested with the surface
heating rate maintaned, and the venting
and thermal runaway temperature
recorded.
P
Other alternate method used to exhibit thermal
runaway
Mica heater was used during testing N/A
Monoblock batteries such as lead acid or
nickel cadmium, the monobloc battery can be
treated as an individual cell for this testing.
Li-ion cells
N/A
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 11 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
For Li-ion cells, the surface temperature hold
point shall be between 5°C (9°F) and 15°C
(27°F) greater than the melting temperature of
the cell separator material as determined from
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data of
the separator in accordance with UL 2591 (UL
746A)
Conformed
Client declared DSC of separator(°C):
190°C
Hold point temperature (°C) : 195 to
205°C
P
For Li-ion cells,if thermal runaway is not
achieved at this hold point temperature after a
period of 4 h, the cell heating rate according to
7.3.1.2 shall be reestablished until thermal
runaway occurs or it is demonstrated that
thermal runaway is not achievable by heating.
Cell heating was restablished within a
heating rate between 4°C to 7°C per
minute as no thermal runaway was
achieved at the hold point temperature.
P
If using another external heating method, the
temperature ramp and maximum surface
temperature outlined in 7.3.1.2 and 7.3.1.5
shall be used.
Conformed
See above, considered when performing
the test
P
Temperature measurement recorded using
thermocouple junction formed from 24-gauge
or smaller Type-K thermocouple wire.
(Note: At least one thermocouple shall be
located below the heater film at the center of
the cell surface (if the cell is prismatic this
would be the center of the wider side of the
cell) and one near the positive cell terminals.
Conformed
30 AWG type K thermocouple wire was
used for temperature measurement.
P
The thermocouple located below the heater
film at the center of the cell surface is used for
temperature measurement at which cell case
vents due to internal pressure rise.
Conformed
Refer to graph for cell surface
temperature and voltage for details
P
The temperature at the onset of thermal
runaway shall be documented. Onset of
thermal runaway shall be determined by the
point at which the rate of change of the surface
temperature of the cell exceeds that of the
externally applied heat input if utilizing the
external heater method.
Conformed
P
The temperature at the onset of thermal
runaway shall be documented. With other
External heating method was used for
the testing
N/A
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 12 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
stress methods, it will be necessary to
continue applying the stress such as
mechanical or electrical stress until onset of
thermal runaway occurs.
Thermal runaway as defined in 4.17, is
considered to have occurred, regardless of the
method of stress chosen, when there is a rapid
increase in temperature as shown in Figure 7.1
and should not be confused with simple
overheating leading to venting.
Conformed
Rapid increase of the cell temperature
occurred when forcing thermal runaway,
refer to Fig. 3,5,7,9 for details.
P
The vent temperature and thermal runaway
onset temperatures shall be averaged over the
tested samples (excluding the gas vent
capture sample).
Conformed
See below table for the averaged venting
and thermal runaway temperature of the
test samples
P
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 13 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Section 7.2 TABLE: Determination of thermal runaway methodology
Sample No Open
Circuit
Voltage
Before
Test
(Vdc)
Cell Failure
method
Cell Surface
Temperature at
which gases
are first vented
(ºC)
Cell Surface
Temperature
prior to thermal
runaway
(ºC)
Location of
Maximum
Temperature prior
to thermal runaway
001#
3.468 External
heating
199.5# /117.6& 330.6#/186.7& Cell surface beside
heater
003# 3.450 External
heating
202.0#/92.3& 358.0#/128.0& Cell surface beside
heater
005# 3.484 External
heating
206.0#/119.0& 350.9#/184.1& Cell surface beside
heater
006# 3.610 External
heating
196.0#/95.6& 331.0#/122.0& Cell surface beside
heater
Average
measurement
N/A N/A 200.9#/106.1& 342.6#/155.2& N/A
Note:
1. # indicated the thermocouple location for cell surface under heater;
2. & indicated the thermocouple location for cell side surface.
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 14 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Supplementary information:
1. Cell Conditioning
Total 5 fresh cell samples were visual checked before charging, and then subjected to a cycle of pre-
discharge-charge-discharge-charge-discharge, and then final charged. The charge and discharge parameter
were conducted in accordance with the manufacturer’s cell specifications noted in clause 7.2 in page 8, cells
were considedred fully charged by verifying the charge capacity at the end of the final charge cycle. See
figures 1a~1e for the charging profiles.
Figure 1a Plot for cell charge data， Cell No. 001#
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 15 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 1b Plot for cell charge data， Cell No. 002#
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 16 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 1c Plot for cell charge data， Cell No. 003#
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 17 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 1d Plot for cell charge data， Cell No. 005#
CSA GROUP
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ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 18 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 1e Plot for cell charge data， Cell No. 006#
Note: Cell No. 002# was used for Vent Gas Composition Test.
2. Thermal Runaway Verification
Thermal runaway was forced on all four cells using external heating method. 4 heaters, each rated 500W,
220V with metal enclosure, connected in parallel and were instrumented on the large surface of the cell, with
thermocople wire located in page 10. The heating rate was maintained within 4~7°C by adjusting the input
power of the heaters, the average cell temperature at point of venting and the onset temperature of thermal
runaway was noted in the table in page 13.
See figures 2a~2c for the heater and its instrument locations for testing setup：
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Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 19 of 42
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 2a Heater
instrumented on cell
Figure 2b Jig used for securing the
cell Figure 2c Completely cell assembly
Thermal Runaway Test Results Demonstrated by External Heating
Table below indicated the thermal runaway results for cell 001#
Table 1 Thermal Runaway Test Results
Test Date and Time 2020-5-06 11:10AM
Venting Time(hh:mm:ss) 12:22:13 AM
Venting Temperature/℃ 199.5 cell surface under heater
117.6 cell side surface
Thermal Runaway Time(hh:mm:ss) 16:24:09PM
Thermal Runaway Temperature/℃ 330.6 cell surface under heater
186.7 cell side surface
Figure 3 shows the surface temperature measured during the test, cell venting and thermal runaway was
observed, visual inspection for cell samples before and after tests was conducted, figure 4a)~4c)
indicates physical features of cell 001# before testing, and figure 4d)~4e) indicates the sample forced venting
and thermal runaway; figure 4f)~4h) indicates the samples after thermal runaway.
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 3 Surface Temperature and Voltage Measured on Cell 001#
Figure 4a Top view of cell
001# Figure 4b Side view of cell 001# Figure 4c Side view of cell 001#
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 4d Cell venting of cell 001# Figure 4e Thermal runaway of cell 001#
Figure 4f Samples after test Figure 4g Samples after test Figure 4h Samples after test
Table below indicated the thermal runaway results for cell 003#
Table 2 Thermal Runaway Test Results
Test Date and Time 2020-05-11 12:38 AM
Venting Time(hh:mm:ss) 14:06:45 PM
Venting Temperature/℃ 202.0 cell surface under heater
92.3 cell side surface
Thermal Runaway Time(hh:mm:ss) 17:36:08PM
Thermal Runaway Temperature/℃ 358.0 cell surface under heater
128.0 cell side surface
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 5 shows the surface temperature measured during the test, cell venting and thermal runaway was
observed, visual inspection for cell samples before and after tests was conducted, figure 6a)~6c)
indicates physical features of cell 003# before testing, and figure 6d)~6e) indicates the sample forced venting
and thermal runaway; figure 6f)~6h) indicates the samples after thermal runaway.
Figure 5 Surface Temperature and Voltage Measured on Cell 003#
3.000
3.050
3.100
3.150
3.200
3.250
3.300
3.350
3.400
3.450
3.500
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
0.000 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000 350.000 Voltage,VTemperature,℃Time,min
Heater
surface_313.0℃
Cell surface_527.0℃
Side of cell_229.7℃
Cell + _302.7℃
Cell -_288.9℃
Oppsite
surface_308.9℃
Ambient_℃
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Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 23 of 42
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 6a Front view of cell 3# Figure 6b Top view of cell 3# Figure 6c Bottom view of cell 3#
Figure 6d Cell venting cell 3# Figure 6e Thermal runaway cell 3#
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 6f Sample after test Figure 6g Sample after test Figure 6h Sample after test
Table below indicated the thermal runaway results for cell 005#
Table 3 Thermal Runaway Test Results
Test Date and Time 2020-05-08 10:07 AM
Venting Time(hh:mm:ss) 11:49:18 AM
Venting Temperature/℃ 206.0 cell surface under heater
119.0 cell side surface
Thermal Runaway Time(hh:mm:ss) 15:03:34
Thermal Runaway Temperature/℃ 350.9 cell surface under heater
184.1 cell side surface
Figure 7 shows the surface temperature measured during the test, cell venting and thermal runaway was
observed, visual inspection for cell samples before and after tests was conducted, figure 8a)~8c)
indicates physical features of cell 005# before testing, and figure 8d)~8e) indicates the sample forced venting
and thermal runaway; figure 8f)~8h) indicates the samples after thermal runaway.
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 7 Surface Temperature and Voltage Measured on Cell 005#
3.250
3.300
3.350
3.400
3.450
3.500
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Voltage,VTemperature,℃Time,min
Heater surface_308.9℃
Cell surface_499.1℃
Side surface_323.5℃
Cell + _319.5℃
Cell -_379.4℃
Ambient_℃
Cell voltage[V]
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 8a Front view of cell
005#
Figure 8b Top view of cell 005# Figure 8c Bottom view of cell 005#
Figure 8d Cell venting cell 005# Figure 8e Thermal runaway of cell 005#
Figure 8f Sample after test Figure 8g Sample after test Figure 8h Sample after test
Table below indicated the thermal runaway results for cell 006#
Table 3 Thermal Runaway Test Results
Test Date and Time 2020-05-12 10:53 AM
Venting Time(hh:mm:ss) 12:36:32 AM
Venting Temperature/℃ 196.0 cell surface under heater
95.6 cell side surface
Thermal Runaway Time(hh:mm:ss) 15:55:20
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Thermal Runaway Temperature/℃ 331.0 cell surface under heater
122.0 cell side surface
Figure 9 shows the surface temperature measured during the test, cell venting and thermal runaway was
observed, visual inspection for cell samples before and after tests was conducted, figure 10a)~10c)
indicates physical features of cell 006# before testing, and figure 10d)~10e) indicates the sample forced
venting and thermal runaway; figure 10f)~10h) indicates the samples after thermal runaway.
Figure 9 Surface Temperature and Voltage Measured on Cell 6#
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 10a Front view of cell
006# Figure 10b Top view of cell 006# Figure 10c Bottom view of cell 006#
Figure 10d Cell venting cell 006# Figure 10e Thermal runaway cell 006#
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 10f Sample after test Figure 10g Sample after test Figure 10h Sample after test
3. Weight Loss Measurement
The weight of the DUT before and after test was measured, and the results was recorded as below:
Sample No. Weight before test (g) Weight after test (g) Weight loss,(g)
001# 6758.1 5386.6 1371.5
002# 6785.9 5410.6 1375.3
003# 6693.7 5273.1 1420.6
005# 6702.2 5280.4 1421.8
006# 6695.2 5273.9 1421.3
Equipment Used: Item no. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Date Start: 20/05/03 (YY/MM/DD)
Date End: 20/05/12 (YY/MM/DD)
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
7.3.2 Flow battery thermal runaway determination
tests Li-ion cells N/A
7.4 Cell vent gas composition test P
Cell vent gas generated and captured inside
an 82-L (21.7-gal) pressure vessel or other
known volume chamber which is large enough
to accommodate cells, but not so large as to
influence measurement of the gas
composition. The test initiated with an initial
condition of atmospheric pressure and less
than 1% oxygen by volume.
Conformed
The test vessel was purified using high
purity nitrogen to make sure the oxygen
was less than 1% by volume in the initial
test condition, gas composition and
concentration in the initial condition was
analyzed.
P
Cell vent gas composition determined using
following method.
See below P
1. Gas Chromatography (GC) with
detection techniques for quantifying
component gases, or
Conformed
GC-TCD, GC-FID were used for
quantifying component gases
P
2. Equivalent gas analysis techniques Conformed
See above
N/A
Hydrogen gas was measured with a sensor
capable of measuring in excess of 30% by
volume.
Conformed
GC-TCD was used for quantifying
Hydrogen gases, which was able to
capture hydrogen gas in excess of 30%
by volume.
P
lower flammability limit of the cell vent gas
shall be determined in accordance with
ASTM E918, testing at both ambient and cell
vent temperatures.
Conformed
LFL of the cell vented gas was evaluated
in accordance to the standard ASTME918
at both ambient and cell vent
temperature.
P
Gas burning velocity in accordance with the
Method of Test for Burning Velocity
Measurement of Flammable Gases Annex in
ISO 817.
Conformed
See test results noted below
P
Pmax in accordance with EN 15967 Conformed P
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Section Requirement Comments Verdict
Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
See test results noted below
Section 7.4 TABLE: Cell vent gas composition test
Sample No 002#
Open Circuit Voltage Before Test (Vdc): 3.478
Cell Failure Method: External heating method
Pressure Vessel Volume (liter): 78L
An Initial Condition of Atmospheric Pressure (kPa): 107.08
An Initial Condition of Oxygen by Volume (%): <1%
LFL Limit at Ambient Temperature (%): 5.0% @33±2°C , 102±1kPa
LFL Limit at Cell Vent Temperature (%): 4.2%@200±1°C , 101±2kPa
Gas Burning Velocity (cm/sec): Su=0.614m/s at room temperature and
atmospheric pressure
Pmax (kPa): Measured Pmax =0.84MPa at 33±4°C , 101±2kPa
Gas Composition
Gas Component Gas Type Volume Released
(Before thermal
runaway)
(%)
Volume Released
(After thermal
runaway)
(%)
Methane Hydrocarbons - 6.17%
Ethylene Hydrocarbons - 4.83%
Ethyne Hydrocarbons - 0.21%
Ethane Hydrocarbons - 1.52%
Propane Hydrocarbons - 1.67%
Propylene Hydrocarbons - 0.84%
Propyne Hydrocarbons - 0.03%
n-C4* Hydrocarbons - 13.25%
Carbon Dioxide Carbon Containing - 27.06%
Carbon Monoxide Carbon Containing - 4.43%
Hydrogen --- - 39.99%
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Total Hydrocarbons
(% propane)
Hydrocarbon - 28.52%
*Note : C4* consist of i-C4H10, n-C4H10, n-C4H8, C4H6, trans-C4H8, cis-C4H8, 1,3-C4H6
Supplementary information:
One cell sample was forced into thermal runaway using the same method as the cell thermal runaway
verification, test was conducted in an 78L pressure vessel. Temperature and voltage for the cell was monitored,
the gases released was collected, and the analysis result was noted as below:
Gas quantification including O2 and N2:
Gas quantification excluding O2 and N2:
Gas Sample 20054208
Gas Component Chemical Fomula Concentration, %
Acetylene C2H2 0.17
Ethylene C2H4 3.87
Methane CH4 4.94
Propane C3H8 1.34
Ethane C2H6 1.22
Propylene C3H6 0.67
Propyne C3H4 0.02
C4* see note 10.61
Carbon Dioxide CO2 21.67
Carbon Monoxide CO 3.55
Hydrogen H2 32.03
Oxygen O2 0.66
Nitrogen N2 19.27
Note: C4* include i-C4H10, n-C4H10, n-C4H8, C4H6, trans-C4H8, cis-C4H10, 1,3-C4H6, where
n-C4H10 makes up the maximum volume concentration in the total C4* gases.
Gas Sample 20054208
Gas Component Chemical Fomula Concentration, %
Acetylene C2H2 0.21%
Ethylene C2H4 4.83%
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Approximately 80.07% of the gas mass is accounted for in the testing, most of the remainder of the gases are
air components (N2, O2), which makes up 19.93% by volume.
Figure 11 GC Spectrum for gas composition before testing
Methane CH4 6.17%
Propane C3H8 1.67%
Ethane C2H6 1.52%
Propylene C3H6 0.84%
Propyne C3H4 0.02%
C4* see note 13.25%
Carbon Dioxide CO2 27.06%
Carbon Monoxide CO 4.43%
Hydrogen H2 40.00%
Note: C4* include i-C4H10, n-C4H10, n-C4H8, C4H6, trans-C4H8, cis-C4H10, 1,3-C4H6, where
n-C4H10 makes up the maximum volume concentration in the total C4* gases.
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Figure 12 GC Spectrum for gas composition collected during test
Synthesis method was used for preparing the gas mixtures in accordance with the above gas composition and
concentration identified, and the information for gas samples was noted as below:
Cylinder No. 1814168
Components
name
Requested
concentration
Certified Value Unit Relative
Expended
Uncertainity
Analytical
Method
CH4 6.17% 6.18% mol/mol ±1% GC-FID
C2H4 4.83% 4.86% mol/mol ±1% GC-FID
C2H2 0.21% 0.21% mol/mol ±1% GC-FID
C2H6 1.52% 1.54% mol/mol ±1% GC-FID
C3H8 1.67% 1.68% mol/mol ±1% GC-FID
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
C3H6 0.84% 0.85% mol/mol ±1% GC-FID
C3H4 0.03% 0.03% mol/mol ±2% GC-FID
H2 39.99% 39.9% mol/mol ±1% GC-TCD
CO2 27.06% 27.1% mol/mol ±1% GC-TCD
CO 4.43% 4.41% mol/mol ±1% GC-TCD
n-C4H10 Balance Balance - - -
4. Lower Flammability Level Testing
The results for lower flammability level testing was conducted in accordance with the requirement of ASTM
E918: 2019 at both ambient and cell venting temperature, and the results were indicated as below:
Measured LFL at ambient: 5.0% @33±2°C, 102±1kPa
Measured LFL at venting temperature: 4.2%@200±1°C, 101±2kPa
Total Gas Volume Released(L) : 275.98L(STP)
Note: Limited to the scope of ASTM E918, LFL at venting temperature was measured at the 200°C, which is
the upper temperature limit specified in the standard.
Test data for LFL at ambient temperature:
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Test data for LFL at cell venting temperature:
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
5. Gas Burning Velocity Test：
Gas burning velocity test was conducted in a glass vessel( Internal diameter: 40mm, Length: 150mm), the test
results and test data was indicated as below:
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
6. Maximum Explosion Pressure Testing
Test was conducted in a 5L closed sphere test vessel, using fuse wire as the ignition system, in accordance
with the requirement of EN 15967:2011, the test results and test data was noted in below table:
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
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Possible test case verdicts:
Test case does not apply to the test object: N/A (Not Applicable)
Test object does meet the requirement: P (Pass)
Test object does not meet the requirement: F (Fail)
Equipment Used: Item no. 8,9,10,11
Date Start: 20/08/10 (YY/MM/DD)
Date End: 20/08/25 (YY/MM/DD)
7.5 Off gas composition for flow battery systems Li-ion battery chemistry N/A
7.6 Cell level test report Cell test results addressed in this report P
7.7 Performance – cell level test See below ---
7.7.1 Module level testing in Section 8 is not
required if the following performance
conditions are met:
Module level testing required, see below ---
a) Thermal runaway cannot be induced in the
cell; and
Thermal runaway was achieved by
external heating
---
b) The cell vent gas does not present a
flammability hazard when mixed with any
volume of air, as determined in accordance
with ASTM E918 at both ambient and vent
temperatures.
Cell vent gas presented a flammability
hazard when mixed with the volume of
air during LFL testing at both ambient
and cell venting temperature, module
and unit level testing need to be
considered.
---
7.7.2 BESS that contain cells that all comply with the
criteria in 7.7.1 shall be suitable for installation
in residential dwelling units
Considered when installed the BESS ---
7.8 Performance – flow battery thermal runaway
determination tests
Li-ion battery cells N/A
CSA GROUP
Laboratory Test Data – UL 9540A Checklist and Test Result
ORIGINAL TEST DATA
Test related only to the items tested.
This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the approval of CSA Group.
Master Contract: 260091 Model: C15FHNE Page number 42 of 42
Project / Network: 80037498 Description: Li-ion cell, LFP
Test Equipment
Item
No.
Inventory
Code / ID Description Mfr Model
Range
Used
Calibration
Date
(YYYY-MM-DD)
Next
Calibration
Due Date
(YYYY-MM-DD)
1 LABWDJ-
057
Digital
Temp&Humidity
Tester
KTJ TA138A 0~35°
C,
0~80%
2019-08-29 2020-08-28
2 LABJCG-
114
Battery
Charge/Discharge
System
Chroma 17011 0~5V
，
0~100
A
2020-04-07 2021-04-06
3 LABDXY-
002
Battery Tester HIOKI BT3563 0~300
mohm
2020-01-08 2021-01-07
4 LABCJQ-
047/75195
8
Datalogger Gantner Q.brixx
HS
-
50~12
00°C,0
~9V
2019-10-16 2020-10-15
5 34060057/
LABWYB-
011
Digital Multimeter Fluke 289C 0~5V; 2019-08-28 2020-08-27
6 35960056
WS/LABW
YB-013
Clamp Meter Fluke 317 0~40A
ac
2020-05-21 2021-05-20
7 LABDZC-
007
Electronic Scale Huazhi HZL-15kg 0~500
0g
2019-08-26 2020-08-25
8 0523A1/12
967
Oxygen Tester MiniMP 5200 SERVOM
EX
0~15% 2019-10-30 2020-12-23
9 PC075 Pressure
Transducer
- KJ16-734 0~50M
Pa
2020-03-28 2021-05-22
10 PC073 Pressure
Transducer
- KJ16-734 0~0.5
MPa
2020-03-28 2021-05-22
11 PC074 Pressure
Transducer
- KJ16-734 0~35M
Pa
2020-03-28 2021-05-22
End of Test Data…